tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37251816077525380282024-03-05T19:28:29.267-06:00AP World History + ArtWelcome to A.P.® World History + Art. This site is an on-line textbook designed to take the user through the eras of world history as defined by the A.P.® World History exam, but with a focus on the art and culture of each time period. Although this site was designed with the AP World History student in mind, it can be easily adapted for other classes as well.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-85519658252828112272014-05-18T18:08:00.000-05:002014-08-15T23:25:38.010-05:00Welcome to <b>A.P.<sup>®</sup> World History + Art</b>. This site is an on-line textbook designed to take the user through the eras of world history as defined by the A.P.<sup>®</sup> World History exam, but with a focus on the art and culture of each time period. Although this site was designed with the AP World History student in mind, it can be easily adapted for other classes as well.<br />
<br />
Each historical era is broken up into chapters that focus on a particular culture in the era. At the end of each era, there is a practice quiz where you can test your knowledge. In addition, there is a vocabulary quiz as well, focusing on the important terms from each chapter.<br />
<br />
The sections can be accessed on the righthand side of the page. Activities and webquests can be viewed via the tab at the top of the page.<br />
<br />
This is a work in progress with more articles being added throughout the 2014-15 school year.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6yt4XiaDiiEafmU82ZhlOW51lYeK86ZUAHzGANgSdFg3glQVzpxjDKqSTwy_RnjuU5PWL5kBqy5tTpsGpTEvNQDncKYTpi_kzR_zzW-Fys285oBqw-qej59FPWHyBV-TX8JVvcbaGf5g/s1600/artcivilization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6yt4XiaDiiEafmU82ZhlOW51lYeK86ZUAHzGANgSdFg3glQVzpxjDKqSTwy_RnjuU5PWL5kBqy5tTpsGpTEvNQDncKYTpi_kzR_zzW-Fys285oBqw-qej59FPWHyBV-TX8JVvcbaGf5g/s1600/artcivilization.jpg" height="190" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-25762482169890456532014-05-16T16:07:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:06:00.956-05:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCO41KseN-jMfSV3NSaGnFaIJQ5-HSTnTMn6zljoPLeddzvWKVpa8-wAGr4kvxS0YRVf8-DlNl9rFLLfJB7yKGcdt08e76fxwwUd4-XS2WGbKS5OZZYJav6uGB8LNRd8ynswQNsiieAaY/s1600/prehistory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCO41KseN-jMfSV3NSaGnFaIJQ5-HSTnTMn6zljoPLeddzvWKVpa8-wAGr4kvxS0YRVf8-DlNl9rFLLfJB7yKGcdt08e76fxwwUd4-XS2WGbKS5OZZYJav6uGB8LNRd8ynswQNsiieAaY/s1600/prehistory.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
Art is as old as human civilization. The first art was most likely body adornment: jewelry, clothes, tattoos. Most of this art has not survived the savages of time. <br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Most scholars agree that art began in the earliest of human <b>epochs</b>, the Paleolithic Age ("Old Stone Age"). This age began some 2 million years ago and covers the movement of people out of Africa, into Asia and the Americas. During this time, early man crafted spear points by skillfully flaking flint. Most likely they decorated dwellings with animal hides and <b>adorned</b> their bodies with horns, beads and pendants. Perforated beads made from sea shells have been found in a cave in South Africa dating from at least 75,000 years ago. This suggests that jewelry, perhaps, was one of the first forms of artistic expression.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Around 50,000 years ago, early humans began making what we would consider to be art. This coincides with the beginning of religion, as well. Humans began to think outside of everyday existence, looking to understand their place within the world. Some crafted sculptures out of stone and ivory. Some ventured deep into caves to paint images on the walls and ceilings. Others moved huge rocks to form patterns and symbols.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Cave Art</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Deep within caves scattered across the globe is evidence of early human artistic endeavors. Mostly images of animals, these cave paintings date to at least 30,000 years ago. With paint made from various natural ingredients such as charcoal and powdered iron, early artists ventured deep into caves and decorated the walls and ceilings. Such locations necessitated the bringing of light, and evidence of torches and oil lamps have been found in these caves. Scaffolding was also required to place some of the murals high on the ceilings. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGAYEAozyaQA2ckMQns0Q7yyrid8jR8GzsyMAYN_WB7EJFr-VDKmFgvj2clZOvY2rACFgO9evXArLQDbXSDaL1nCgvkF8r_eXHjrQoc-djW50t8_T9BOmMbvascOGhyGmZ5921DDTKzA/s1600/Altamira.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGAYEAozyaQA2ckMQns0Q7yyrid8jR8GzsyMAYN_WB7EJFr-VDKmFgvj2clZOvY2rACFgO9evXArLQDbXSDaL1nCgvkF8r_eXHjrQoc-djW50t8_T9BOmMbvascOGhyGmZ5921DDTKzA/s1600/Altamira.jpg" height="162" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bison from the cave at Altamira.<br />Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigación de Altamira</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
In 1880, a cave was found in Northern Spain by an 8 year old girl exploring the area with her father. The cave is Altamira and dates back to nearly 20,000 years ago. So pristine were the images that many people thought it was a hoax. And a debate soon began as to whether or not early humans could even produce such stunningly beautiful imagery. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Other caves were soon found. The most famous cave art was discovered in Lascaux, France, by some teenage boys in 1940. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEW_KZsXSeUHfKmtInRj4JhI4fJ6E1ZzJMLkKGlHRZEmGwPKHESehctl1g9dP69Anqmpz_Z4nf7AEfxIIuZbLhJKEEUBBFKEqFs3GmRoSsuVDo1uAB2T8__A_B9lO4v6n4gFRCB8dDIM/s1600/Lascaux2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEW_KZsXSeUHfKmtInRj4JhI4fJ6E1ZzJMLkKGlHRZEmGwPKHESehctl1g9dP69Anqmpz_Z4nf7AEfxIIuZbLhJKEEUBBFKEqFs3GmRoSsuVDo1uAB2T8__A_B9lO4v6n4gFRCB8dDIM/s1600/Lascaux2.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Horse from Lascaux, France. This image is some 16,000 years old.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Most of the imagery in caves are that of animals, many of which are now extinct. There also are symbols and patterns. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJo9fxB_joRQd9OTRE4SEeFhqC6P46W-otgNhyphenhyphen2eukb4yXzRlrvKiTDGcLtNwt8E4Ab9SzyrUFcW5cWvfmWWzbMbVdYTxqHU800bZaHjZilFb87PJ9r-NuDOpPvG1rFB-QIA2QD-KKP3Q/s1600/429px-Pech_Merle_main.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJo9fxB_joRQd9OTRE4SEeFhqC6P46W-otgNhyphenhyphen2eukb4yXzRlrvKiTDGcLtNwt8E4Ab9SzyrUFcW5cWvfmWWzbMbVdYTxqHU800bZaHjZilFb87PJ9r-NuDOpPvG1rFB-QIA2QD-KKP3Q/s1600/429px-Pech_Merle_main.jpg" height="200" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cave painting of human hands <br />from a cave in France.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Why did early humans venture into caves to paint on the walls? No one knows. Many of the paintings are in areas of caves that are not easily accessible. Therefore, it is believed that these images may have served some type of religious purpose. Or, perhaps to conjure luck in upcoming hunts. This is not to rule out, however, the creative impulse found in all humans. After all, scattered throughout the world are the "signatures" of early artists in the form of hand prints. Perhaps art serves the purpose of <b>immortality</b>; wanting to leave one's mark on the world. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Not too different from our own justifications, perhaps. </div>
<div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Sculpture</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Along with cave art, early humans also carved images into bone and rock. One of the earliest representations of human beings are found in the famous "Venus" figurines.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuZbznfZumQDU69mg9SHBxkLUc5CTFlfEIOXBC4FNHJ0-U6jk3BrSFsRHYPWqFKrHDD0LMFT5xZPdK4vxn_NdgkDHwUMzJgcSEFEl7tP1vClWqMpAqapbZZGutNmSheZ_WBbscrvQtuos/s1600/Venus+of+Willendorf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuZbznfZumQDU69mg9SHBxkLUc5CTFlfEIOXBC4FNHJ0-U6jk3BrSFsRHYPWqFKrHDD0LMFT5xZPdK4vxn_NdgkDHwUMzJgcSEFEl7tP1vClWqMpAqapbZZGutNmSheZ_WBbscrvQtuos/s1600/Venus+of+Willendorf.jpg" height="200" width="125" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Don Hitchcock<br />Creative Commons license.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Between 30,000 and 25,000 years ago someone carved this small figure, now known as the Venus of Willendorf (found in Willendorf, Austria in 1908). Carved out of limestone, she stands a mere 4 1/2 inches tall and represents one of the first nude depictions of human beings ever found. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Similar statues have been found scattered throughout Europe, Asia and Africa and depict a universal image: a naked female. The breasts and hips are accentuated, while nearly in every example she is faceless. The similarity among these images are striking, which suggests some relationship to fertility. Due to the prevalence of such imagery, they have been given the name "Venus," although this use of the term is an <b>anachronism</b> due to the fact that these figures predate the mythical goddess Venus by thousands of years.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Megaliths</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
During the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age, 9000 BCE-3000 BCE), humans began altering their physical surroundings by creating huge sculptures known as <b>megaliths</b>. The Neolithic Age saw the transition from hunting and gathering societies to agriculture. As humans began to settle down into a more <b>sedentary</b> lifestyle, they created huge stone monuments. Some megaliths mark tombs, others were arranged in patterns that mirrored the stars and heavens.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The most famous megalith is that of Stonehenge located in modern England and created some 4,100 years ago. Large stones were transported a distance of more than 150 miles and arranged in a circular pattern in the soil. Some of these rocks weighed over 26 tons. It is unknown how such heavy stones were lifted into place, but it is believed to have been built to mark astronomical events, such as the spring and winter solstice.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDrmmIuzc-CTg773fGco9o17-KyRU2P5s5G3Czzcq81xWvDkhrBypp0D3Rnq5DPP_umBOiH4Ahc50Ugx4LxEkKTOqx_74Jcv2vDXA2qnPM2rzLpgDKQLycOva0T_kDFy3flt_OFV7Anow/s1600/Stonehenge-Green.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDrmmIuzc-CTg773fGco9o17-KyRU2P5s5G3Czzcq81xWvDkhrBypp0D3Rnq5DPP_umBOiH4Ahc50Ugx4LxEkKTOqx_74Jcv2vDXA2qnPM2rzLpgDKQLycOva0T_kDFy3flt_OFV7Anow/s1600/Stonehenge-Green.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mactographer?rdfrom=commons:User:Mactographer">Mactographer</a><br />Creative Commons License</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDpWbFDcd9RkFIhEb13HBMjJGz25fZgay4XqvOoaEBnNhdIkQU6mfW3SxcGcykBDXnB-NL80dZ7HXQV8I9VxCwWsIOdX5pmObMlK522gYrwQzBA9xRTCV7gt5d42wepX9Gegz-hMNL-rc/s1600/800px-Ales_stenar_bred.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDpWbFDcd9RkFIhEb13HBMjJGz25fZgay4XqvOoaEBnNhdIkQU6mfW3SxcGcykBDXnB-NL80dZ7HXQV8I9VxCwWsIOdX5pmObMlK522gYrwQzBA9xRTCV7gt5d42wepX9Gegz-hMNL-rc/s1600/800px-Ales_stenar_bred.jpg" height="155" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Megalith in Sweden known as the Ales Stones.<br />Image: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fred_J">Fred J</a> Creative Commons License</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<b>Points to Remember</b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>The first type of art was most likely body adornment </li>
<li>Art began during the paleolithic Age, some 40,000 years ago</li>
<li>The development of art was closely tied to religious beliefs and an attempt by early humans to understand the world around them</li>
<li>Cave painting, sculptures and megaliths are common throughout all human societies at this time </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.apwhplusart.com/2014/05/RiverValleysIntro.html">Next Chapter: River Valley Civilizations</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-22637027090837693022014-05-15T16:53:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:07:28.386-05:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6J095-7p6qWb-R3ft0qsJRNJwi9d5P5wzGflRD5GxxHSLyq2UMEh0O5-qilPexdZYcGK-mO2fUK13jGrky4wn8afvhwPC5620qFzYK8s8IF4IL6rJ87bgrSuZ0oNUyBRyH6Lf3qtlIW0/s1600/River+valley+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6J095-7p6qWb-R3ft0qsJRNJwi9d5P5wzGflRD5GxxHSLyq2UMEh0O5-qilPexdZYcGK-mO2fUK13jGrky4wn8afvhwPC5620qFzYK8s8IF4IL6rJ87bgrSuZ0oNUyBRyH6Lf3qtlIW0/s1600/River+valley+copy.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Extremely complex civilizations were developing along the banks of rivers throughout the world by 3000 BCE: the Tigris and Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus River Valley and the Huang He River in China. Rivers not only provided protection, but also <b>fertile</b> soil left over from the <b>silt</b> deposited during periods of flooding. In addition, trade among settlements was <b>facilitated</b> by the rivers, helping them to <b>flourish</b>.<br />
<br />
History will be made during this time. Literally. The development of writing brought human society into the age of history as records for the first time are kept and narratives recorded.<br />
<br />
Although people were living throughout the world, the first organized civilizations developed along four great river valleys. This section of <b>AP World History + Art</b> will examine the art in each of the four river valleys in Asia and Africa.<br />
<br />
<br />
Next: <b><a href="http://www.apwhplusart.com/2014/05/mesopotamia.html">Mesopotamia--The World's First Civilization.</a></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-75886737601053439272014-05-14T16:56:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:14:57.080-05:00<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi36VKdTXd210moSyY-FHHjTO1js01Gsu1WoP3JdIClzVe8gyfHZYh_khWJ1z6f8awWyB_WLiY6cLFBZOH-Ht9lJIWuyDFUO5TaF2liS0tBSFZZduZ_HR4FW_-x-HWKAu6uuir9YLXry7I/s1600/mesopotamia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi36VKdTXd210moSyY-FHHjTO1js01Gsu1WoP3JdIClzVe8gyfHZYh_khWJ1z6f8awWyB_WLiY6cLFBZOH-Ht9lJIWuyDFUO5TaF2liS0tBSFZZduZ_HR4FW_-x-HWKAu6uuir9YLXry7I/s1600/mesopotamia.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIE8EIsMahm-lWEgCK5nouDv4VVx0QcGR3I0sK59ETO4RECeYr0HKBi1xQUw6oDn2NEAIDbfSaaH1O6UtLdh8aDWaQbogfXKR3zCnuSr0MMdmFTwvMT5VXEi-TvEYRANLEoL8Zsc_yI-c/s1600/Cuneiform1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIE8EIsMahm-lWEgCK5nouDv4VVx0QcGR3I0sK59ETO4RECeYr0HKBi1xQUw6oDn2NEAIDbfSaaH1O6UtLdh8aDWaQbogfXKR3zCnuSr0MMdmFTwvMT5VXEi-TvEYRANLEoL8Zsc_yI-c/s1600/Cuneiform1.jpg" height="167" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cuneiform tablet, Louvre<br />Marie-Lan Nguyen<br />Creative Commons License</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Mesopotamia (literally, "the land between the rivers") is considered by many to be the world's first civilization. Although people were living elsewhere and thriving, Mesopotamia was the first to have developed a true written language. This script, called <i><b>cuneiform</b></i>, consisted of symbols that not only represented ideas but also sounds. Records were kept and the world's first histories transcribed. This language was pressed into wet clay with a stylus. Receipts for purchased goods, prescriptions for medicine, recipes, stories and laws were all recorded with this technique.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Along the banks of the Tigres and Euphrates Rivers, <b>city-states </b>rose between 5000-4000 BCE in the region known as Sumer. Each city-state developed its own culture and government, but competition among the city-states resulted in the rise and fall of empires in this region with a regularity not seen in the other great river valley civilizations. The flat <b>terrain</b> and the lack of natural barriers allowed for the movement of armies and invaders. This was a major factor in <b>cultural diffusion</b>, the spread of culture throughout the region. Among the culture diffused among the various empires and peoples in the region were language, architecture and art.<br />
<br />
A common sight in Mesopotamia were huge, stepped pyramids. These pyramids were called <b>ziggurats</b> and were the center of Mesopotamian religious life.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVC5_xPUF48R7isEM1lI2rO5g0Nozmtj36Y9cmeFvdB2VME_5XmkRuJjm7QaTXXPP2pqHquWPOygKvQ1UR0jkcojnxUJsH9pAEh499ZUTepiLkT1MJyhWufolHVS_hyphenhyphen7DrOKBp6c9_b1g/s1600/ziggurat+Ur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVC5_xPUF48R7isEM1lI2rO5g0Nozmtj36Y9cmeFvdB2VME_5XmkRuJjm7QaTXXPP2pqHquWPOygKvQ1UR0jkcojnxUJsH9pAEh499ZUTepiLkT1MJyhWufolHVS_hyphenhyphen7DrOKBp6c9_b1g/s1600/ziggurat+Ur.jpg" height="281" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Great Ziggurat of Ur<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUR4Kz7BPf-WtYJGY7enkBZi9czpBb3wghxKr-jM4tAyP_KgqoIrirBk3Wj2ePTOT2cskpjaHc0lJZy9PW8PZYSBckD1RnfWaSJLPEhpeUzRiC1dcK2E6JRvH32kHL9150xvALMsilafw/s1600/worshipper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUR4Kz7BPf-WtYJGY7enkBZi9czpBb3wghxKr-jM4tAyP_KgqoIrirBk3Wj2ePTOT2cskpjaHc0lJZy9PW8PZYSBckD1RnfWaSJLPEhpeUzRiC1dcK2E6JRvH32kHL9150xvALMsilafw/s1600/worshipper.jpg" height="200" width="93" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mesopotamian Worshipper<br />Source: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemania/86747610/">Xuan Che</a><br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Within the temples in ziggurats could be found statuary, the earliest made from carved limestone. These statues were of individuals, most likely commissioned by wealthy city-dwellers and placed in the temples near larger statues of gods. The most distinguishing feature of these statues, known as votive figurines, were the large, round eyes, a testament to the <b>piety</b> offered by the worshipper. The votive figurines were used as a stand-in to the actual person and served as continual, respectful worship, as evidenced by the clasped hands and the attentive stare.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNscwtlGVsalZakSLcf4k4jXmvpiCvHlXGJJSN-hfhyphenhyphenJvGNjgYsw1k2uR72B6M0tROwcPNevCTgfofmu2gISMATHFnDvLEUX8fGCW1MbzNyS1Yd5bFMeGs87EpHrc1KiURTF5okOgWWKc/s1600/gudea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNscwtlGVsalZakSLcf4k4jXmvpiCvHlXGJJSN-hfhyphenhyphenJvGNjgYsw1k2uR72B6M0tROwcPNevCTgfofmu2gISMATHFnDvLEUX8fGCW1MbzNyS1Yd5bFMeGs87EpHrc1KiURTF5okOgWWKc/s1600/gudea.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gudea of Lagash<br />© Marie-Lan Nguyen / <br />Wikimedia Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In southern Mesopotamia, Gudea ruled the city-state of Lagash c. 2144 BCE. Some twenty-seven statues have been found, most carved out of <b>diorite</b>, a very hard stone used throughout the ancient Middle East. Diorite was in high demand and often used for the most important statuary. In fact, there are recorded military expeditions for the sole purpose of acquiring diorite.<br />
<br />
These statues were dedicated to the gods, with cuneiform inscriptions of prayers and supplications carved into his clothes.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx6fBkk9Fb5rAZfGTF7iumn4W2HkMlPAREobKi1MgpLDIXnSyV01Rpax1y7TxFR2RtV0wAisk5pHhQsLMLN9EYpgrxVsVHoYsLv8x_RdReAIy-g7gONchFWcFFLVTRJ6TnihGHcmRipLA/s1600/Hammurabi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx6fBkk9Fb5rAZfGTF7iumn4W2HkMlPAREobKi1MgpLDIXnSyV01Rpax1y7TxFR2RtV0wAisk5pHhQsLMLN9EYpgrxVsVHoYsLv8x_RdReAIy-g7gONchFWcFFLVTRJ6TnihGHcmRipLA/s1600/Hammurabi.jpg" height="400" width="142" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hammurabi's Code<br />Source: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louvre_Sb_8">Mbzt</a><br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Hammurabi's Code</i>, carved out of diorite, is one of the most famous and important artifacts from Ancient Mesopotamia. Hammurabi ruled Babylon from c. 1792-1750 BCE. Standing over 7 feet tall, this pillar lists over 280 laws issued by Hammurabi and is technically a megalith. The laws inscribed on the column are actually the recorded dialogue between King Hammurabi and the god, Shamash.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOBXOMKYT_acxfL38lmUOSOofmAjAwNRST8V85DC0yB6eeIo9kAYh9dZnu4bRaBsbZhFnwRYdZh-tpUK4p6KoXZfW2z3UQyYRB0kRbzt9_d7Zzg0ApVoaJTL-NVXdQkf_01tq3mMumHY/s1600/hammurabi2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOBXOMKYT_acxfL38lmUOSOofmAjAwNRST8V85DC0yB6eeIo9kAYh9dZnu4bRaBsbZhFnwRYdZh-tpUK4p6KoXZfW2z3UQyYRB0kRbzt9_d7Zzg0ApVoaJTL-NVXdQkf_01tq3mMumHY/s1600/hammurabi2.jpg" height="200" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Detail of Hammurabi's Code<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The code is introduced with with words of Hammurabi: "Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land." At the top of the column is Hammurabi, standing with his hand over his mouth in prayer. Seated to the right is the god of justice, Shamash, his feet sitting on a platform so that they are raised above the mortal king. Below the figures are the laws written in cuneiform carved into columns.<br />
<br />
The laws are harsh and <b>retributive</b>, many following the principle of an "eye for an eye." However, the punishments differ depending on social class. The higher the class, the lesser the punishment.<br />
<br />
Government, religion and clearly defined social classes were characteristics of the complex civilizations that developed not only in Mesopotamia, but all over the ancient world. Throughout Mesopotamia, people were assigned a status based on a hierarchy that included royalty, priests, upper class and slaves. Warfare was constant in the region and art was often used to tell a historical narrative, as is seen in the <i>Standard of Ur</i>, a small rectangular box divided into bands that tell the story of war and peace. Dating from c. 2600, this is one of the oldest wooden artifacts ever discovered. <br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<center>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwqOLq85Bg7f3BNyJHrDkPpHVvQC7dgyiPTdGYyWZeSXSo7jOphtXL5mYG_Z4lw8l4jyuLtcLhamvXY_D7KZd5Hpq2a32kl268sFhdZrVs8GymzZZwD_qD41PbVXlk284i13qlo0v2AA0/s1600/Standard_of_Ur_-_War+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwqOLq85Bg7f3BNyJHrDkPpHVvQC7dgyiPTdGYyWZeSXSo7jOphtXL5mYG_Z4lw8l4jyuLtcLhamvXY_D7KZd5Hpq2a32kl268sFhdZrVs8GymzZZwD_qD41PbVXlk284i13qlo0v2AA0/s1600/Standard_of_Ur_-_War+(1).jpg" height="286" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Standard of Ur, "War" side<br />
Public Domain</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
The "war" side features chariots engaged in battle, the bodies of the enemy being trampled under hoof. It also features soldiers rounding up prisoners, stripping them naked and then delivering them to the king, who is standing in the center of the top panel.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnwDkfi_w3KlH8AgAUjV2iw5rdmvFJI57_vWL4hUILtz6ydTbeWU8AeuEfpgLUiCzj7b0pXBM-_mUD_MlBBJcA4czkkymuYdU8mgICu_Vg4_5wfvWct3eoKF4POFUSR6ElVZJ_NQoGXI4/s1600/standardofUr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnwDkfi_w3KlH8AgAUjV2iw5rdmvFJI57_vWL4hUILtz6ydTbeWU8AeuEfpgLUiCzj7b0pXBM-_mUD_MlBBJcA4czkkymuYdU8mgICu_Vg4_5wfvWct3eoKF4POFUSR6ElVZJ_NQoGXI4/s1600/standardofUr.jpg" height="280" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Standard of Ur, "Peace" side<br />
Public Domain</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The "peace" side features laborers and shepherds herding animals and delivering the goods in tribute to the king and dignitaries seated in the uppermost panel. This artistic piece is a fabulous example of social structure within the city-state of Ur.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Points to Remember</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">The Sumerians founded the first city-states in Mesopotamia and built grand ziggurats to the gods. This style of architecture was diffused throughout the region.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The world's first true writing system, called cuneiform, was developed in Mesopotamia.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The art of Mesopotamia featured kings, gods and historical narratives. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Religious statuary, known as votive figures, decorated the temples and were used for personalized, religious worship</li>
</ul>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.apwhplusart.com/2014/05/ancientegypt.html">Next Chapter: Ancient Egypt</a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: start;">
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span></div>
<div>
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
</div>
</center>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-71203077020898533062014-05-13T17:35:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:36:11.778-05:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_KVeJjh-rgqgW0fmUJ1l9YYRMoReNGT2hG8oJsdIXpJxbNaj1lH7ANoPxmpfmKPsAOZjdzlRfACZjQbRG8urW4Iv017TVxZIvFA7MEoWRLwr7p6MHrX3gqxhnXyvxneZuW-NTL_Mejw4/s1600/Egypt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_KVeJjh-rgqgW0fmUJ1l9YYRMoReNGT2hG8oJsdIXpJxbNaj1lH7ANoPxmpfmKPsAOZjdzlRfACZjQbRG8urW4Iv017TVxZIvFA7MEoWRLwr7p6MHrX3gqxhnXyvxneZuW-NTL_Mejw4/s1600/Egypt.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Unlike the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers which often flooded with devastating, unpredictable results, the Nile flooded like clockwork every year, rarely resulting in loss of life or property. The surrounding land, made fertile by the deposited silt, created an "Oasis in the Desert." Egypt could not have developed without the Nile and the civilization that grew there was a nation of villages, dotting the narrow strip of fertile land on both sides of the river. Deserts and mountains isolated Egypt for more than three millennia, allowing them to develop a completely unique culture that was not influenced initially by cultural diffusion from other civilizations.<br />
<br />
Much of the art in ancient Egypt revolved around a belief system centered on a elaborate pantheon of gods and an afterlife. In fact, the most recognizable feature of Egypt are the pyramids, made as tombs for the pharaohs.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkixlMXBRh4T56X4A-2GgaXQCTW5fXf6tnOgzxGHr3SPQHBo6gu0FEwjSG9IgeO411ZBl-IkYCSegZVD-R2jcuVNZUVHZs8WcR8Fh7ZSZje3sMUETRbvnbULVSkQnjSUJGc5okj-kNG7w/s1600/pyramids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkixlMXBRh4T56X4A-2GgaXQCTW5fXf6tnOgzxGHr3SPQHBo6gu0FEwjSG9IgeO411ZBl-IkYCSegZVD-R2jcuVNZUVHZs8WcR8Fh7ZSZje3sMUETRbvnbULVSkQnjSUJGc5okj-kNG7w/s1600/pyramids.jpg" height="256" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image source: Kallerna<br />Wikimedia Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Much of what we know about ancient Egypt has been preserved in tombs. Everything in the tombs, from the writing on the walls, to the designs of the <b>sarcophagi</b>, to the statuary and trinkets, were all designed to ease the soul into the afterlife. The Egyptians believed that the soul, or the ka, was <b>immortal</b>. Statues of the deceased were believed to hold the ka for all eternity, if the mummified remains were not adequate. Everything was made to last forever. Therefore, the egyptians chose the hardest of materials to sculpt their images and the most long-lasting and beautiful metals to adorn their death masks. Diorite and granite were the preferred materials for sculpture.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcVWUht_D4spNAc58kDNK5AGzTHnl6EQc95nEkd9LCou5L9i_v-FEJBQ8xW2IDxGfVsNsTF5GFfnb0VdJiHy0SerdRDlmKoxEGWHLuxBwDy8BPIPY0EBpJmNBj9QwIueib50W765rAZIY/s1600/MenkauraAndQueen_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcVWUht_D4spNAc58kDNK5AGzTHnl6EQc95nEkd9LCou5L9i_v-FEJBQ8xW2IDxGfVsNsTF5GFfnb0VdJiHy0SerdRDlmKoxEGWHLuxBwDy8BPIPY0EBpJmNBj9QwIueib50W765rAZIY/s1600/MenkauraAndQueen_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" height="200" width="95" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Menkaure and His Queen<br />Keith Schengili-Roberts<br /> via Wikimedia Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Menkaure ruled Egypt as Pharaoh c. 2530 BCE. He was buried in Giza, in the smallest of the pyramids located there. This statue, carved from a hard stone known as greywacke, is typical of the statuary found in tombs. Simple, yet displaying a quiet dignity, the statues of ancient Egypt were meant to calm the ka and remain timeless.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4w-A_rnatuN_rs4aRD4IFLzzwgvfWjKb9yZYlr-mavVCvT4IBdAC_EDVkTMVhv6oRCE929sUdmN5_MaZWUeIOsFWvtQQnlx3Qozqjd_Up64Kv7F92ljNfJXz0Vt9Otey33TPVJUtcm4g/s1600/Louvre_egyptologie_18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4w-A_rnatuN_rs4aRD4IFLzzwgvfWjKb9yZYlr-mavVCvT4IBdAC_EDVkTMVhv6oRCE929sUdmN5_MaZWUeIOsFWvtQQnlx3Qozqjd_Up64Kv7F92ljNfJXz0Vt9Otey33TPVJUtcm4g/s1600/Louvre_egyptologie_18.jpg" height="200" width="156" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Seated Scribe<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Although such sculptures were mostly reserved for royalty, ordinary people were also depicted in statuary. These would have been made out of wood or other materials. They were also less formal, such as in this statue of a seated scribe from c. 2494. This statue was made from limestone, which was more numerous.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiExz54z50X6afN-m3o7RYfEyodSBJIaxOIZuiV-CjVPPkaVZEpim3JjmGzYFvdJxMMMBkwfAsN2izH9X_IoPAzsylrg03iu_CkA1lsXJl0qtA7r9FkBVE1SXJfHBo7O3GdmIKj9kp-nNM/s1600/640px-Nefertiti_berlin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiExz54z50X6afN-m3o7RYfEyodSBJIaxOIZuiV-CjVPPkaVZEpim3JjmGzYFvdJxMMMBkwfAsN2izH9X_IoPAzsylrg03iu_CkA1lsXJl0qtA7r9FkBVE1SXJfHBo7O3GdmIKj9kp-nNM/s1600/640px-Nefertiti_berlin.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nefertiti Bust<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Royal families had sculptors on call and they ran huge workshops, employing many artisans to create the statuary necessary for a royal family. In the ruins of the workshop of Thutmose, a sculptor for the pharaoh, Akhenaten, a bust was discovered of the pharaoh's chief wife, Nefertiti. The sculpture is a simple, painted limestone dating from c. 1348 BCE. This sculpture was most likely used as a model for other sculptures of the queen. It is unfinished, but is a wonderful example of Egyptian concepts of feminine beauty.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The walls of tombs were painted and carved with bas-relief sculptures, often depicting the gods and providing a narrative of the life of the deceased. These bas-relief sculptures were two-dimensional, barely raised from the flat surface as the background was carved away. People were depicted from the side and accompanied by elaborate hieroglyphics. Unlike the writing that developed in Mesopotamia, hieroglyphics did not represent sounds per se, but were a sophisticated system of pictographs.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBVBHJ1OMDqgL4NG6BlanrmJDTv_0jd7q-VEa-gcUnPkD1mY8ddiT5UbG4E8wD6MZdqdWtrGdJF6Nk0Iy8EduUeKNQVHINdya5yCwh2bjLbIiHfRIBHxbtL7PF6EZxJNfAukGjD0w7-0E/s1600/800px-MentuhotepII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBVBHJ1OMDqgL4NG6BlanrmJDTv_0jd7q-VEa-gcUnPkD1mY8ddiT5UbG4E8wD6MZdqdWtrGdJF6Nk0Iy8EduUeKNQVHINdya5yCwh2bjLbIiHfRIBHxbtL7PF6EZxJNfAukGjD0w7-0E/s1600/800px-MentuhotepII.jpg" height="240" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Temple of Mentuhotep II<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Although paper was not yet something invented, the ancient Egyptians used <b>papyrus</b>, an abundant plant growing along the banks of the Nile to create a paper-like material. Numerous texts and artifacts exists on papyrus, such as the famous <i>Book of the Dead</i>, a collection of spells and rites relating to burial customs and beliefs. There is not just one of these "books," but they were often tailored specifically to the deceased and placed in the tomb along with the other artifacts. This example dates from c. 1275 BCE.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGg-2mAQ-SNd1Dn7Dn1Oy9ITTnUBMSthim2KThOn4AgNIy024tsbSZlElmS1tN8DGB_kMs5wU2QUfYKN6G2L0i0O9zW8sk_iE4R7GsvW35Br-aVmgg0dBlIPovIQubaHZggvholXn8uyQ/s1600/800px-BD_Hunefer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGg-2mAQ-SNd1Dn7Dn1Oy9ITTnUBMSthim2KThOn4AgNIy024tsbSZlElmS1tN8DGB_kMs5wU2QUfYKN6G2L0i0O9zW8sk_iE4R7GsvW35Br-aVmgg0dBlIPovIQubaHZggvholXn8uyQ/s1600/800px-BD_Hunefer.jpg" height="262" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Book of the Dead<br />Image: Jon Bodsworth<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGGtn6vMhHfnFyxnyKID-LqFs87YKylY4E7iN9i0Lc9BHwjTsCKCcN8-el9I2LoIbKtCyE27CFuc6f0AwIcXDxb3XBNRgQjy0BARrtM0KHBSdnSTUO-vB-h4_sZtgTBPyLiB2d_FfF7v8/s1600/415px-Tuthankhamun_Egyptian_Museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGGtn6vMhHfnFyxnyKID-LqFs87YKylY4E7iN9i0Lc9BHwjTsCKCcN8-el9I2LoIbKtCyE27CFuc6f0AwIcXDxb3XBNRgQjy0BARrtM0KHBSdnSTUO-vB-h4_sZtgTBPyLiB2d_FfF7v8/s1600/415px-Tuthankhamun_Egyptian_Museum.jpg" height="320" width="222" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tutankhamen Funeral Mask<br />By Bjørn Christian Tørrissen <br />via Wikimedia Commons<br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1922, English archeologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamen, dating from c. 1323 BCE. This was the most intact tomb ever discovered and provided a virtual trove of artifacts: sculptures, jewelry, furniture and, of course, the king's sarcophagus. The king's mummy was placed in three nestled coffins, the innermost coffin made from about a quarter ton of gold and inlaid with precious stones.<br />
<br />
The tomb provides an example of the lengths Egyptian people went to preserving the dead and providing for them in the afterlife. The tombs of kings were grand, requiring a huge amount of resources to construct. And Tutankhamen was a minor king who only ruled for ten years and then died at the age of 18.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Points to Remember </span></b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Ancient Egyptian belief in an everlasting soul, known as the ka, influenced the development of art</li>
<li>Due to its geographical isolation, Egyptian culture and art remained <b>static</b> for nearly 3,000 years</li>
<li>Ancient Egyptians developed a complex system of pictogram writing, known as hieroglyphics</li>
<li>Statuary was often used to depict recently deceased humans in an effort to preserve the soul for all eternity</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.apwhplusart.com/2014/05/Indus.html">Next Chapter: The Indus River Valley</a></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-14754678310472374852014-05-12T17:36:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:44:27.308-05:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifSzx7IywdQ5rvFtbCiMBGJkrUzanF0HxvJ0GpE1pffqb7UxF_Mmavy-2DMkzZ02vh2Rwy1Ls_AIJpQmTUS7KWdskJt3lX53BR6Eb4hls6HI7j8syMIdRT1Hi0tS1bUvjZeocEVJyxOpA/s1600/Indus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifSzx7IywdQ5rvFtbCiMBGJkrUzanF0HxvJ0GpE1pffqb7UxF_Mmavy-2DMkzZ02vh2Rwy1Ls_AIJpQmTUS7KWdskJt3lX53BR6Eb4hls6HI7j8syMIdRT1Hi0tS1bUvjZeocEVJyxOpA/s1600/Indus.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The Indus River civilization was born by the mighty river, nestled between mountains and plains in what is now modern-day Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. This civilization flourished between 3300 BCE and 1600 BCE, represented by the large planned cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. This civilization may have been one of the first to domesticate sesame seeds, peas and dates. They had elaborate irrigation and sewer systems. The cities were laid out in grids, much like modern cities. They also developed a system of writing that to this day remains undeciphered.<br />
<br />
The flooding of the Indus River and invasions from outsiders may have contributed to the decline of this civilization. Much of the area had been abandoned by 1600 BCE.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKvL1eqecbemI68FXvj8-9K9QuyPacdPY-hJYwEBnNEay_72R8-mYzBGuB1dRGDFtZ8cEMryu16nLiqWY_6cvErm2pfe3RAxUjdnahJSI3gWxxm1oCV7PNmEiqfV775-3wtCe8W3Si0q8/s1600/IR_Seals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKvL1eqecbemI68FXvj8-9K9QuyPacdPY-hJYwEBnNEay_72R8-mYzBGuB1dRGDFtZ8cEMryu16nLiqWY_6cvErm2pfe3RAxUjdnahJSI3gWxxm1oCV7PNmEiqfV775-3wtCe8W3Si0q8/s1600/IR_Seals.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Indus Valley Seals</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Hundreds of clay seals have been excavated from the area. These seals date from as late at 2500 BCE and demonstrate a sophisticated level of government in the Indus River valley. The small seals, carved in square or rectangular sheets of soft soapstone and then baked after carving, were probably used to mark goods in shipment and government <b>edicts</b>. This suggests that the Indus Valley Civilization was at the epicenter of a large trading network. Over 400 unique signs and symbols have been catalogued from these seals, but as of yet the script remains unreadable.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3UNn5hdw1f57JpVtgzec3qLqqOols8G78N-L8dq0aLqvY3bDD_H3WLEWgZFYxaMCi3CVfDjCDXw1XCVzD5yoOnpd5XK2faH2hmHrRceeM2RVJRifqnjxBlr3DJPIxrE6SpgN2UuRSAus/s1600/Image-Pashupati.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3UNn5hdw1f57JpVtgzec3qLqqOols8G78N-L8dq0aLqvY3bDD_H3WLEWgZFYxaMCi3CVfDjCDXw1XCVzD5yoOnpd5XK2faH2hmHrRceeM2RVJRifqnjxBlr3DJPIxrE6SpgN2UuRSAus/s1600/Image-Pashupati.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pashupati Seal<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Often adorned with animals and humanoid figures, it is believed these images may offer a glimpse of the early formation of the Hindu faith. This is particularly true of the "Pashupati Seal," discovered in 1928. The seal is made from soapstone and features a figure in a horned headdress surrounded by animals. Some archeologists recognized the similarity to the Hindu god, Shiva and labeled the seal as evidence of a "proto-Shiva" influence in ancient Mohenjo-Daro. Although the figure is most likely a <b>deity</b>, its relationship to Hinduism is hotly contested among scholars today.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA-zdeJIVLAqd9F275_K4QDIeBM7fDMomKbfqqA8pvPZs6ehxM_T3Fd4AYNoC_VCaOC3Pz0EFh2HMvQSzP7UzYSh_bzdr0oaAEjQnOTF1vA6XJX4QtDEND_F4c-vUvXeYzDLMol2yq_nw/s1600/332px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA-zdeJIVLAqd9F275_K4QDIeBM7fDMomKbfqqA8pvPZs6ehxM_T3Fd4AYNoC_VCaOC3Pz0EFh2HMvQSzP7UzYSh_bzdr0oaAEjQnOTF1vA6XJX4QtDEND_F4c-vUvXeYzDLMol2yq_nw/s1600/332px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" height="200" width="110" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Joe Ravi<br />Wikipedia Commons<br />CC-BY-SA 3.0</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
One of the most famous statues of the Indus River Valley was discovered in 1926 and has been dubbed "The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro." This statue is made from bronze and stands roughly 4 inches tall. This statue confirmed the fact that the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization had knowledge of metal working. Not only that, this statue shows a sophisticated level of artistic aesthetics.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw2JdWsur07TTeqrwc42PiXah12vhdBS-3IGb7xJivYi2SgbM8K88_o6kzNVWP5sHz061Wn27koQu80OmF0aDOs3i3AZ4BLdVDQSZ0ERDYZjA0BfXLHFR8494S3_2DIljGbex5QOt2gFs/s1600/464px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterko%CC%88nig.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw2JdWsur07TTeqrwc42PiXah12vhdBS-3IGb7xJivYi2SgbM8K88_o6kzNVWP5sHz061Wn27koQu80OmF0aDOs3i3AZ4BLdVDQSZ0ERDYZjA0BfXLHFR8494S3_2DIljGbex5QOt2gFs/s1600/464px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterko%CC%88nig.jpeg" height="200" width="154" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Mamoon Mengal</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Likewise, this statue, carved from soapstone dating to at least 2000 BCE, was found in 1927. The bearded figure most certainly represented an elite individual and has been dubbed a "priest-king," yet who this person was remains a mystery.<br />
<br />
As does most of the history of the Indus Valley civilization.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Points to Remember</span></b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The Indus Valley Civilization developed planned cities with sewers and public baths.</li>
<li>Little art survives, but the terracotta figurines and small government seals suggest a high level of sophistication and trade</li>
<li>The Indus Valley Civilization had a system of writing with over 400 characters, but that writing remains undeciphered</li>
<li>The art and imagery point to the possible beginnings of the Hindu faith</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><a href="http://www.apwhplusart.com/2014/05/ancientchina.html">Next Chapter: Ancient China</a></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: start;">
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span></div>
<div>
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-62427844286780690162014-05-11T17:36:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:48:00.278-05:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglZEJWXHTEcDicTitoIeqAx4n7WwTu9OfVsY49lyj9jr8PnmrtoWr7VRSy2KDRbeSBvHrKDJ9gKW3lII449oAeCnOxnCtFuX8l7KVX2hX6cTVkoHOrI875J1V_uwwngd6dRNG4dP7Ay2Y/s1600/china1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglZEJWXHTEcDicTitoIeqAx4n7WwTu9OfVsY49lyj9jr8PnmrtoWr7VRSy2KDRbeSBvHrKDJ9gKW3lII449oAeCnOxnCtFuX8l7KVX2hX6cTVkoHOrI875J1V_uwwngd6dRNG4dP7Ay2Y/s1600/china1.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeYnrQLtjfLg1ZVF2yGbvyZ4n_gKWi7nzPztUDRW03l-PnFx1p1JGwdJCHGT3KUm-QbHoUM5hmPna_E1Tgpuk_va-QbZurIL_bmtxF6tzHd2pQry_JFFjvhXyRJFGrrzlTh-EwTpVtuA/s1600/244px-Neolithic_Chinese_pottery,_John_Young_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeYnrQLtjfLg1ZVF2yGbvyZ4n_gKWi7nzPztUDRW03l-PnFx1p1JGwdJCHGT3KUm-QbHoUM5hmPna_E1Tgpuk_va-QbZurIL_bmtxF6tzHd2pQry_JFFjvhXyRJFGrrzlTh-EwTpVtuA/s1600/244px-Neolithic_Chinese_pottery,_John_Young_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG" height="195" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Neolithic Chinese Vase<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The roots of modern China date to the Neolithic age when a budding civilization developed along the Huang He River (Yellow River) some 8,000 years ago. The Huang He River, known locally as "the River of Sorrows," sustained the civilization, but also brought devastating floods and destruction.<br />
<br />
One of the first civilizations to master the art of pottery long before the invention of the potter's wheel, Chinese pottery, decorated in spiral patterns, was used in elaborate burial rituals and for the storage of grains. The fact that most of these earthen vessels have been found in burial tombs suggest a long-held belief in the after-life and of ancestor <b>veneration</b>.<br />
<br />
By 1650 BCE, the Shang Dynasty had established control over a wide area and built a capital at Zhengzhou. Here, archeologists have discovered a vast array of artistic artifacts, ranging from terracotta items to bronze and jade sculptures.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiA4IrH4MWLQvlkRa3SPq_CXlsa0fRGpSszpo64N8KblQl3h6-k9tRlg1RUzrL0UcELROO17Z-AQIoThq169TsfKyo3rWfXbTBj2OjUOoJ9Kh7Dc8erZGzDgrHa0j5oMqsRc84a7qQi2c/s1600/La_Tigresse,_bronze_vessel_to_preserve_drink._Hunan,_11th_BC._Cernuschi_museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiA4IrH4MWLQvlkRa3SPq_CXlsa0fRGpSszpo64N8KblQl3h6-k9tRlg1RUzrL0UcELROO17Z-AQIoThq169TsfKyo3rWfXbTBj2OjUOoJ9Kh7Dc8erZGzDgrHa0j5oMqsRc84a7qQi2c/s1600/La_Tigresse,_bronze_vessel_to_preserve_drink._Hunan,_11th_BC._Cernuschi_museum.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bronze Drinking Vessel, Shang Dynasty<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
In the Shang Dynasty, <b>artisans</b> perfected bronze casting. They created an intricate sculpture of clay and then a clay mold into which molten bronze was poured. Once cooled, the outer clay was broken away to reveal the finished product, which would then be cleaned and polished.<br />
<br />
These bronze sculptures rivaled everything else produced in metal anywhere in the ancient world. The sculpture to the left was used to hold wine used in religious rituals. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_DOJ6obTnNi8YMizf_hEkkp9rxiFEb8thOfj3utet2nDJ0T__5pciBa0BoOvM3Hl93EgM3gAc1n-PvbnHAVBJmttcTenlqns6ggwQwFhS-MjDP-aDga0acQifzeQKVczH4EFRbtpwZjM/s1600/211px-Qingtongdaliren1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_DOJ6obTnNi8YMizf_hEkkp9rxiFEb8thOfj3utet2nDJ0T__5pciBa0BoOvM3Hl93EgM3gAc1n-PvbnHAVBJmttcTenlqns6ggwQwFhS-MjDP-aDga0acQifzeQKVczH4EFRbtpwZjM/s1600/211px-Qingtongdaliren1.jpg" height="320" width="112" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Standing Male Sculpture, Sanxingdui<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
One of the ancient world's largest bronze sculptures stood over 8 feet tall and dates to c. 1200 BCE. It was discovered outside of the boundaries of the Shang Dynasty at a location known as Sanxingdui. The site was excavated first in the 1980s and has caused historians and archeologists to rethink the histories of the early cultures of China. This previously unknown culture was a contemporary culture of the Shang Dynasty and was an independent kingdom.<br />
<br />
Ceremonial masks, knives and other items cast in bronze have also been discovered throughout the Huang He region. These items display a high level of Chinese craftsmanship when it came to working with metal.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLei-dKjEBPtaOmbFmHWKizkac0EnVjgfNjnELeFPgfGt7LtYtNkXHmG1uj_-HOWTe3bt-0-4D7IIgX8gngovZoqBlyK3KrncpK4haqkKjVN7z1oghusKtSIH4IjVXTZIeuSkj5N9a1g/s1600/323px-Vase_jun,_bronze_e%CC%81poque_de_Anyang,_Shang._CernuschiMC2005-3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLei-dKjEBPtaOmbFmHWKizkac0EnVjgfNjnELeFPgfGt7LtYtNkXHmG1uj_-HOWTe3bt-0-4D7IIgX8gngovZoqBlyK3KrncpK4haqkKjVN7z1oghusKtSIH4IjVXTZIeuSkj5N9a1g/s1600/323px-Vase_jun,_bronze_e%CC%81poque_de_Anyang,_Shang._CernuschiMC2005-3.JPG" height="320" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bronze vase, Shang Dynasty<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="81"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnv2-qD4QuZZBEyGycPUS2_W5eMc1d_jOGguvoV3gRjOD7q3ux-cEfcTkpL-6vipdWRrssbi6xoTs4IdZI8KzMzDCHUY7-eUg_rnhmu7uSs_PID3apvBj4NEmiTWoZGxlFob8bKooFi6k/s1600/227px-Dagger_axe_from_China,_Shang_dynasty,_bronze,_nephrite,_and_turquoise,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnv2-qD4QuZZBEyGycPUS2_W5eMc1d_jOGguvoV3gRjOD7q3ux-cEfcTkpL-6vipdWRrssbi6xoTs4IdZI8KzMzDCHUY7-eUg_rnhmu7uSs_PID3apvBj4NEmiTWoZGxlFob8bKooFi6k/s1600/227px-Dagger_axe_from_China,_Shang_dynasty,_bronze,_nephrite,_and_turquoise,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" height="320" width="121" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bronze knife with nephrite blade, Shang Dynasty<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh60D6a-90GPNP51fKd7GqDiKi-0orMrZJCTGiBVAf8Um3HJ9t-vz-SRG-GfJpIx7UAbU4wzK2OLjDIFQ-bkgNprzt3xxCl1-FeewkCm5M1onYU1xxROTFokgm9cwcyZHSaIiqrXkkTQio/s1600/jade+pendant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh60D6a-90GPNP51fKd7GqDiKi-0orMrZJCTGiBVAf8Um3HJ9t-vz-SRG-GfJpIx7UAbU4wzK2OLjDIFQ-bkgNprzt3xxCl1-FeewkCm5M1onYU1xxROTFokgm9cwcyZHSaIiqrXkkTQio/s1600/jade+pendant.jpg" height="320" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Small jade pendant<br />Photo: Zcm11<br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
During the Neolithic Age, Chinese artisans also sculpted in jade. This stone will later become a very prominent aspect of Chinese art and its use during the Shang Dynasty has puzzled historians and archeologists. The carving of jade requires materials usually not present during this time and how Chinese craftsmen accomplished this remains somewhat of a mystery. Nonetheless, the creation of such items required a tremendous amount of time and skill. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiunYSk-l8V5jeFThQnj6nyXoziAoeHUr7zQEb_et6vMjVke7GDoIFU5EcfHFcjRtqrkH4qKsNYZUtdaz883Frvsl3P73CbHi04xCYrF76mc98S5EqH-LQhWPEzyhdMS7pMYynhnFYTImE/s1600/588px-Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiunYSk-l8V5jeFThQnj6nyXoziAoeHUr7zQEb_et6vMjVke7GDoIFU5EcfHFcjRtqrkH4qKsNYZUtdaz883Frvsl3P73CbHi04xCYrF76mc98S5EqH-LQhWPEzyhdMS7pMYynhnFYTImE/s1600/588px-Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG" height="200" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Chinese oracle bones, Shang Dynasty<br />Photo: Dr. Meierhofer<br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
One of the most recognizable types of art dating from the Shang Dynasty are so-called "oracle bones." Usually made from the shoulder bones of cattle or the shells of tortoises, these items were placed in tombs and were decorated with early Chinese script. Used to foresee the future, oracle bones pre-date even the Shang Dynasty, but were continued to be used throughout several dynastic cycles.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Points to Remember</span><br />
<ul>
<li>The Shang Dynasty was the first documented dynasty in China</li>
<li>During the Shang Dynasty, Chinese artisans displayed a high level of proficiency using bronze. They created knives, vases, masks and statues out of the metal.</li>
<li>From the very beginning, the inhabitants of China turned to jade as a highly desirable stone for the creation of art.</li>
<li>Oracle bones are one of the earliest forms of Chinese art that provide evidence to an early form of Chinese writing</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><a href="http://www.apwhplusart.com/2014/05/olmec.html">Next Chapter: The Americas</a></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: start;">
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span></div>
<div>
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-82039576269741496222014-05-10T12:21:00.000-05:002014-08-16T23:55:02.646-05:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMuOOwq88vntFuk-6Qyl17YJs8MMQ0x1Np7GKDd0IC5qpufHUooeVdmkTqq2O489qqibi59o6vOafE7QuvX0Gm6c1tnqEhTmessTrM9ptG5qZxPK6u7rccTgmHvsEqpR9ecrRhs2phUU/s1600/olmec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMuOOwq88vntFuk-6Qyl17YJs8MMQ0x1Np7GKDd0IC5qpufHUooeVdmkTqq2O489qqibi59o6vOafE7QuvX0Gm6c1tnqEhTmessTrM9ptG5qZxPK6u7rccTgmHvsEqpR9ecrRhs2phUU/s1600/olmec.jpg" height="278" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The region stretching from modern Guatemala to Mexico is known euphemistically as "Meso-America," a term used to link the time period with the other ancient river valley civilizations. The earliest civilization here was the Olmec, dating to at least 1800 BCE. Centered in what is now southern Mexico, the Olmec were known for their large stone carvings and an economy based on the trading of maize. They have been referred to as "the Mother Culture" of the Americas.<br />
<br />
One of the earliest sites in this area is San Lorenzo, located in southern Mexico. Here archeologists have uncovered a stone dating from at least 900 BCE that has symbols that might be evidence of the first writing system in the Americas. Known as the "Cascajal Block," this stone has ignited a controversy in archeological circles regarding its authenticity.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy-vmWJNAOM4jNID8jex6LnG4yVvRHg1gORa_JTpKDuoaJ054_4-maRT4jpI2FbkcQYVuV4Z7iTN2RwhmJEgEad4gTLZnoCY68d52gzqZyF5JWRgeUtS4FVqVsRT-tsL0aD05vBcl-q4w/s1600/Sanlorenzohead6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy-vmWJNAOM4jNID8jex6LnG4yVvRHg1gORa_JTpKDuoaJ054_4-maRT4jpI2FbkcQYVuV4Z7iTN2RwhmJEgEad4gTLZnoCY68d52gzqZyF5JWRgeUtS4FVqVsRT-tsL0aD05vBcl-q4w/s1600/Sanlorenzohead6.jpg" height="200" width="139" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Olmec Carved Head<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Although the Olmec, like the early Chinese, also worked in jade, they are most known for their colossal carved human heads. The identity of these heads are unknown; some speculate depictions of deities, others support the idea that these heads represent rulers. Nonetheless, these heads weigh upwards of 20 tons and are found throughout the region, suggesting the immense importance of the subjects.<br />
<br />
These heads were carved from basalt, a common volcanic rock. In addition to carving huge heads from basalt, the Olmec also carved huge altars and other statuary. The basalt needed to be quarried and then moved hundreds of miles.<br />
<br />
At a site known as La Venta, over 102 basalt heads were discovered. This site also revealed elaborately carved alters, mosaics and a pyramid. The imagery found here could later be found in other Meso-American civilizations, such as the Maya and Aztec.<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="167"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc5vcdLPgdUXQsznrKitniZ_2Y73HxMMWw9tTLLW4PoHQ3C2tU3i6FZd1XWV9OOqMoMpB60f7PC48-5Sc_647m9w6o6KNH3JwKEGGUO08YLRSUAtI1rNLQscfB4szh4utA5FdvpgnGJVE/s1600/La_Venta_Stele_19_(Delange).jpg" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="240" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Olmec monument featuring a feathered serpent<br />Photo: George & Audrey Delange<br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc5vcdLPgdUXQsznrKitniZ_2Y73HxMMWw9tTLLW4PoHQ3C2tU3i6FZd1XWV9OOqMoMpB60f7PC48-5Sc_647m9w6o6KNH3JwKEGGUO08YLRSUAtI1rNLQscfB4szh4utA5FdvpgnGJVE/s1600/La_Venta_Stele_19_(Delange).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc5vcdLPgdUXQsznrKitniZ_2Y73HxMMWw9tTLLW4PoHQ3C2tU3i6FZd1XWV9OOqMoMpB60f7PC48-5Sc_647m9w6o6KNH3JwKEGGUO08YLRSUAtI1rNLQscfB4szh4utA5FdvpgnGJVE/s1600/La_Venta_Stele_19_(Delange).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="225"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfC9uiIaIcZiQd7seV0GWQC4DhhEKoOFpNNMN_DdRhGw2evJX8dmmKH7L6YbwOoUv3lJ3-0-fSwHUC0e1xEXNXWj1AsiyTxRGUfLjBa1Bg1tnpV7T7srlHV2s2sVl3YeW8wbqAEuEZjyY/s1600/800px-Altar_4_La_Venta_(Ruben_Charles).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfC9uiIaIcZiQd7seV0GWQC4DhhEKoOFpNNMN_DdRhGw2evJX8dmmKH7L6YbwOoUv3lJ3-0-fSwHUC0e1xEXNXWj1AsiyTxRGUfLjBa1Bg1tnpV7T7srlHV2s2sVl3YeW8wbqAEuEZjyY/s1600/800px-Altar_4_La_Venta_(Ruben_Charles).jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Olmec altar</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Ruben Charles</span><br />
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Creative Commons</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
In addition to the Olmec, there was another civilization located in what is now Peru in South America. Like many peoples in the Americas, the Chavin built large stepped pyramids and elaborately carved temples. Although the Chevin lived high in the Andes Mountains, the inclusion of animals from the Amazon rainforest in their art suggest an extensive trading network in South America. The Chavin of Peru were skilled stoneworkers and also skilled in <b>metallurgy</b> as well. The artistic use of gold by the Chavin would be continued later by the Incan Empire.<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="167"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkILwO-o5VpAh8BCrB49HqzxtjGT1J2ZsEUjTMYsd_pFl5ASpuy10LTNQe2bJjb2vVCMzHto2IWCJktvaMiwfUc7EP7ZHX8vBk4FyPxGLOFMXvNgmgDHQDPRJAM8qWZanjwSjVOfINj8/s1600/Chavinmuseolarco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkILwO-o5VpAh8BCrB49HqzxtjGT1J2ZsEUjTMYsd_pFl5ASpuy10LTNQe2bJjb2vVCMzHto2IWCJktvaMiwfUc7EP7ZHX8vBk4FyPxGLOFMXvNgmgDHQDPRJAM8qWZanjwSjVOfINj8/s1600/Chavinmuseolarco.jpg" height="166" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Chavin gold crown<br />Photo: Pattych<br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="225"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgZwGCHbQywlH-xord9uIOC0Nx_yzaPXNARmiC31fAdhlWhwh86hzZQ3ILFgeUotffs1ikOTqatPaJd7RSNsvEg97B3aryglsZfOCL7MdnENJhCHuFWOXMWRW4mn-YbkHnnJ-uWWCOkE/s1600/Chavi%CC%81n_-_Feline-and-Cactus_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482832.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgZwGCHbQywlH-xord9uIOC0Nx_yzaPXNARmiC31fAdhlWhwh86hzZQ3ILFgeUotffs1ikOTqatPaJd7RSNsvEg97B3aryglsZfOCL7MdnENJhCHuFWOXMWRW4mn-YbkHnnJ-uWWCOkE/s1600/Chavi%CC%81n_-_Feline-and-Cactus_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482832.jpg" height="200" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Chevin drinking vessel<br />Public Domain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMcK1DBlHAR2wzP_qmyYEU9k_kcULP9xX3cLOhwinhyI9gVTiPRnJzFBgp8W1oLQeay1sACAybkV35fsRvSyZy78KRq79-2OOgIfIlUFSO4JFi2f2epBAZ4qwZSol0dQkSH9E15QdM5U/s1600/Estela_Raimondi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMcK1DBlHAR2wzP_qmyYEU9k_kcULP9xX3cLOhwinhyI9gVTiPRnJzFBgp8W1oLQeay1sACAybkV35fsRvSyZy78KRq79-2OOgIfIlUFSO4JFi2f2epBAZ4qwZSol0dQkSH9E15QdM5U/s1600/Estela_Raimondi.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Raimondi Stela<br />Photo: Ariadnayteseo<br />Creative Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Made from 7 feet of polished granite, the Raimondi Stela is one of the most important artifacts from the Chevin civilization. It depicts what is believed to be a deity from the civilization, wearing a headdress of snakes. The carving represents an artistic technique known as "countour rivalry," where the object can be viewed from different angles resulting in a different images. When viewed upside down, the deity has two faces.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Points to Remember</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The Olmec created an empire in Meso-America, characterized by large stone carvings of heads.</li>
<li>The imagery the Olmec created would influence the art in the later empires of the Maya and Aztec</li>
<li>In South America, the earliest empire was that of the Chevin, known for their metal and stone work </li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>This concludes the Foundations section. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Continue to the <a href="https://testmoz.com/339753" target="_blank">quiz</a>.</b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;">Updated: August 14, 2014</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
© 2014 Bruce Janu<br />
Bell, Book & Camera Productions </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3725181607752538028.post-3114216707604371762014-03-01T17:20:00.000-06:002014-08-17T17:28:17.921-05:00DonationsMy goal is to keep this a free site and have everything freely available for teachers and students. I plan on using this site with my students, too. However, it does cost money to run a website. Even though this site is being hosted by Blogger (Yes, this is technically a blog) which is a free service, it costs money to maintain a dedicated URL. The current test/quiz hosting (by <a href="https://testmoz.com/">TestMoz.com</a>) also costs money; a small annual fee to keep an account. Not to mention the time it takes to create and maintain quizzes and activities. Right now, the real costs are under $50 a year (not including the time and effort, of course).<br />
<br />
Eventually, I would like to upgrade to a testing system that allows for the emailing of results to specific teachers. But that service costs at least $200 a year. Not something I can afford to do for free. But I am looking at options and, once the entire site is written and available, this can be more easily addressed.<br />
<br />
In the meantime, if you would like to help with this endeavor, please. Donate what you want. Or don't.<br />
<br />
The site will still be here for you. Regardless.<br />
<br />
Thank you.<br />
<br />
If you have any questions, please feel free to email me <a href="mailto:apwhplusart@bellbookcamera.com" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<center>
<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_top">
<br />
<input alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!" border="0" name="submit" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" type="image" /><br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" /></form>
</center>
<center>
</center>
<center>
</center>
<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com